Category Archives: Brexit

VAT exemptions widened by Finance Order 2020

By   4 March 2020
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Finance Order 2020

The government has laid the Value Added Tax (Finance) Order 2020 (“Finance Order 2020”) on 4 March 2020 to widen the VAT exemption for the management of investment funds.

The Finance Order 2020 will come into effect on the 1st April 2020 and will provide for exemption for the management of certain pension funds (as defined) and will also remove the current restriction on the type of assets that a close-ended collective investment undertaking can invest in for its management to qualify for exemption.

It replaces the Value Added Tax Finance (EU Exit) Order 2019 (“Finance Order 2019”) which was revoked last July, following discussion with industry about the need for certainty about the date of implementation and provide sufficient lead in time. The Finance Order 2020 will make the same changes to the legislation as the Finance Order 2019 would have made except that (1) new paragraph (k) inserted into Item 9 now refers to a ‘qualifying’ pension fund as opposed to a ‘recognised’ pension fund and (2) the changes will not apply in the case of pension funds that are established overseas (ie; outside the UK and the EU).

VAT: EC AG’s Opinion – Are aphrodisiacs food?

By   2 March 2020
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Latest from the courts

It’s rare to come across anything vaguely sexy about VAT, but hey ho, aphrodisiacs were the subject of the AG’s opinion in the case of “X” – the name of the Dutch business. The document was published by the European Commission (EC) and is here but unavailable in the English language, presumably as a result of Brexit, unless anyone knows of any other reason.

Opinion

 The AG, M. Maciej Szpunar decided that no, aphrodisiacs cannot be treated as food via Directive 2006/112/CE – Article 98 and are therefore not subject to a reduced rate (which would have been zero rated in the UK). The relevant element was:

“Foodstuffs” intended for human consumption “refers to products containing nutrients, and which are in principle consumed for the purpose of supplying said nutrients to the human body”. Products which are normally used to supplement or replace foodstuffs “Means products which are not foodstuffs, but which contain nutrients and are consumed in place of foodstuffs to supply these nutrients to the body, as well as products ingested in order to stimulate the nutritional functions of food or products used to replace them.

Therefore, in the AG’s opinion, the powders and capsules sold by X are different to foodstuffs and supplements and were not subject to the reduced rate. The fact that they may contain elements of nutrition did not override that they were intended to stimulate sexual desire and it was not the intention of the legislation that such products should be subject to the reduced rate as they were not “essential goods”.

That, of course, does not mean that foods which are said to contain aphrodisiac properties such as; asparagus, oysters, watermelons, celery and pomegranates are not reduced rated.

I doubt that Aphrodite – the Greek goddess of love and beauty, knew that ultimately there would be a court case on the rate of indirect tax applicable to such, err; “stimulants”.

AG’s Opinion

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) consists of one judge from each member state, assisted by eleven Advocates General whose role is to consider the written and oral submissions to the court in every case that raises a new point of law, and deliver an impartial opinion to the court on the legal solution.

A Round-Up of three new EU VAT measures

By   24 February 2020
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With the end of the Brexit transition period looming, the EU have announced new measures:

e-commerce VAT fraud

The first measure is the European Commission (EC) approving (this month) new measures to transmit and exchange payment data in order to fight e-commerce VAT fraud. Member States will be assisted in their fight against e-commerce VAT fraud by the launch of a Central Electronic System of Payment (CESOP) information arrangement.

CESOP will keep records of cross-border payment information within the EU, as well as payments to third countries or territories, for a period of five years. This will allow tax authorities to properly control the correct fulfilment of VAT obligations on cross-border Business to Consumer (B2C) supplies of goods and services.

The measures will be implemented on 1 January 2025. 

Simplified rules for small businesses

The EC has also recently adopted simplified VAT rules applicable to small businesses. The new measures are intended to reduce the administrative burden and compliance costs for small enterprises and create a fiscal environment which will help small enterprises grow and trade across borders more efficiently.

The measures foresee that small enterprises will be able to qualify for simplified VAT compliance rules where their annual turnover remains below a threshold set by a Member State concerned, which cannot be higher than 85 000 EUR. Under certain conditions, small enterprises from other member states, which do not exceed this threshold, will also be able to benefit from the simplified scheme, if their total annual turnover in the whole of the EU does not exceed 100 000 EUR.

The new rules will apply as of 1 January 2025.

New rules for exchange of VAT payment data

In addition to the anti e-commerce fraud proposals above, new measures will enable Member States to collect, in a harmonised way, the records made electronically available by payment service providers, such as banks. These complement the VAT regulatory framework for e-commerce coming into force in January 2021 which introduced new VAT obligations for online marketplaces and simplified VAT compliance rules for online businesses.

The new measures will apply as of 1 January 2024.

How these new incentives affect UK businesses remains to be seen as our future trading relationship with the EU is, to put it diplomatically, unclear.

Brexit – Introduction of new import controls on EU goods

By   17 February 2020
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More red tape and delays

The government has announced new plans to introduce import controls on EU goods at the border from 1 January 2021, the day after the end of the Brexit transition period.

This will almost certainly mean additional complexity and delays at borders and will damage businesses, especially those which operate on a Just In Time (JIT) basis or import fresh food, flowers or any other goods which are subject to rapid deterioration.

It is difficult to divorce politics from commerce in these circumstances, but I have avoided commenting on this decision on a political basis, although I think it is fair to say I am not in favour.

The government commented that all UK exports and imports (currently called dispatches and acquisitions from the EU) will be treated equally. This will mean traders in the EU and GB will have to submit customs declarations and be liable to goods’ checks. It was also confirmed that the policy easements put in place for a potential No Deal Brexit will not be reintroduced as businesses have time to prepare. (HMRC have withdrawn a collection of guidance on issues including tariffs, origin, and quotas, which was prepared for a potential No Deal Brexit).

It is difficult to identify how businesses could have had time to prepare as HMRC guidance was unhelpful on this point and it was, and still is, unclear what precise arrangements a business has to prepare for. It is assumed that this a unilateral UK’ decision and it cannot be helpful for cooperation negotiations, unless these controls are what are actually wanted. In the document, it is stated that: ”Business can prepare for border controls by making sure they have an Economic Operator Registration and Identification (EORI) number, and also looking into how they want to make declarations such as using a customs agent”. That is the extent of the advice provided and repeats what has been said before.

Without wanting to amplify government propaganda, but in the interest of even-handedness, below are the reasons given for implementing import controls:

  • to keep our borders safe and secure so we know who’s coming in and how often, what they are bringing in, and why
  • to ensure we treat all partners equally as we begin to negotiate our own trading arrangements with countries around the world
  • to collect the right customs, VAT and excise duties
  • the EU has said it will enforce checks on our goods entering the Eurozone. We will likewise enforce our own rules for goods entering the UK

Also, HMRC extended the deadline for businesses to apply for customs support funding to 31 January 2021. To date, applications have been made for around £18.5 million out of a possible £26 million.

This announcement follows on from the consideration of the introduction of UK freeports here.

I hope that there are enough customs agents to go round, although the lack of any evidence that HMRC is recruiting new Customs officers suggests that perhaps it is not fully prepared itself.

Government Freeports consultation

By   14 February 2020
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The Government is consulting on plans to create up to ten freeports. Freeports may provide tariff flexibility, customs facilitations and tax measures designed to encourage global trade and attract inward investment post-Brexit. The proposed Freeports will have different customs rules to the rest of the country.

What is a Freeport?

Freeports are secure customs zones located at ports where business can be carried out inside a country’s land border, but where different customs rules apply. The paper says that Freeports may:

  • reduce administrative burdens and tariff controls
  • provide relief from duties and import taxes
  • ease tax and planning regulations
  • offer simplifications to normal customs processes on imported goods
  • encourage global trade
  • provide hotbeds for innovation
  • increase prosperity areas surrounding Freeports by generating employment opportunities
  • attract inward investment post-Brexit

Typically, goods brought into a Freeport do not attract a requirement to pay duties until they leave the Freeport and enter the domestic market. No duty at all is payable the goods are re-exported. If raw materials are brought into a Freeport from overseas and processed into a final good before entering the domestic market, then duties will be paid on the final good.

Government aims

It is stated that the government wants Freeports to boost trade, jobs and investment. They say that is why they are proposing cutting red tape by streamlining customs processes, exploring the use of planning measures to speed up planning processes and accelerate development and housing delivery in and around Freeports, and consulting on a comprehensive set of tax breaks to support businesses. Of course, all this would be unnecessary if Brexit had not have occurred.

Deadline

The consultation deadline is 20 April 2020 so there is not a lot of time to make your views known.

VAT – Limitation on deduction of input tax on hired cars

By   20 January 2020
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Currently, UK businesses may claim 50% of input tax incurred on the lease of vehicles. This limitation is a simplification for persons using the vehicle for both business and non-business purposes.

The 50% restriction also applies to optional services – unless they’re supplied and identified separately from the leasing supply  and excess mileage charge – if it forms part of a supply of leasing but not if it was incurred on an excess mileage charge that forms part of a separate supply of maintenance. If repair and maintenance etc are supplied separately, 100% of the input tax is usually reclaimable. The 50% restriction is a derogation from from Articles 26(1)(a), 168 and 169 of Directive 2006/112/EC. These measures remove the need for the hirer of a business car to keep records of private mileage travelled ior to account for VAT on the actual private mileage travelled in that car.

The Council Implementing Decision 2019/2230 authorised the United Kingdom, until 31 December 2022, to continue restricting to 50% the right to deduct the VAT incurred with hired or leased vehicles, which is not exclusively used for business purposes.

Brexit

This Decision shall, in any event, cease to apply to and in the UK from the day following that on which the Treaties cease to apply to the United Kingdom pursuant to Article 50(3) TEU (Brexit) or, if a withdrawal agreement concluded with the UK has entered into force; from the day following that on which the transition period ends, or on 31 December 2022, whichever is the earlier.

Changes to the VAT registration limits for overseas businesses

By   16 January 2020
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The (current) EU Member States have reached political agreement on correcting the current discriminatory and unfair rules on non-resident businesses. Unfortunately, these new measures will not come into effect until 1 January 2025 (well after the UK will have left the EU).

Background

Under the current rules a Non-Established Taxable Person (NETP) is required to register and account for VAT in a Member State as soon as any supply is made there. There is a zero threshold, so, for example, if a French company makes a UK supply of £100 it will be required to register here. Compare this to a UK company which will be able to make supplies up to £85,000 per annum without needing to register or pay UK VAT. Blatantly discriminatory and arbitrary based on where a company belongs. It also distorts competition and is inherently unfair. This is the position across the EU, so UK businesses will be suffering in other countries. This has long been a bugbear of mine!

New rules

From 2025 EU Member States have agreed to extend the threshold to all business making supplies. NETPs will have similar VAT registration thresholds as domestic businesses in each country. The registration limits will not be able to exceed €85,000 per year and overseas businesses may only benefit from this if their total sales across the EU are below an amount of €100,000. This is to avoid large enterprises benefiting from the small company threshold.

Outcome

The change will bring a level playing field between domestic and overseas business and will remove significant compliance costs which fall disproportionally on SMEs.  This could also encourage small businesses to explore overseas markets without falling foul of; overseas regimes, potential penalties for innocent errors and the disincentive of domestic businesses having a commercial competitive tax advantage over those based overseas.

It is a pity that these changes will not be applied for another five years. It does beg the question why it will take so long. Of course, we have yet to see how Brexit plays out. It is not outside the bounds of reason to imagine the EU Member States excluding the UK from the new rules, nor the UK not implementing them at all here.

Budget announced

By   16 January 2020
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The Chancellor of the Exchequer- Sajid Javid has confirmed that the next Budget will be held on Wednesday 11 March 2020.

He said that the budget:

  • will set out ambitious plans to unleash Britain’s potential, level up across the UK and usher in a decade of renewal
  • will start a new chapter for the economy, seizing the opportunities that come from getting Brexit done

As many will know, I am not a supporter of Brexit so it will be “interesting” to see what these opportunities are.

The launch of the Budget process means that individuals, interest groups and representative bodies can now submit a Budget representation to HM Treasury to comment on government policy and/or suggest new policy for inclusion in the Budget.

For completeness, the Scottish Budget date has also been announced: 6 February 2020.

VAT: Digital newspapers zero-rated. The News Corp case

By   10 January 2020
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Latest from the courts

Hot on the heels of the update to e-publications here comes new from the Upper Tribunal (UT) in the News Corp UK and Ireland Ltd case.

Background

The issue was whether electronic editions of The Times (plus other e-newspapers from the same company: The Sunday Times, The Sun and The Sun on Sunday) were “newspapers” within the meaning of The VAT Act 1994, Schedule 8, Group 3, Item 2  and could therefore be treated as zero rated.

The relevant part of Schedule 8, Group 3 (where relevant), lists the following items:

“1 Books, booklets, brochures, pamphlets and leaflets.

2 Newspapers, journals and periodicals…”,

At the First Tier Tribunal (FTT) the appeal was dismissed, and the decision went in favour of HMRC. Details here. The facts were consistent throughout both hearings.

Decision

The UT agreed with the FTT in that there was no material difference between the two types of supply despite the sale of e-newspapers being supplies of services and the sale of physical newspapers being supplies of goods.

That being the case, it was possible to interpret Schedule 8, Group 3. Item 2 as extending to e-publications, which, of course, did not exist when the legislation was drafted in 1972. Consequently, the appeal was allowed, and the e-newspapers were zero rated. Such treatment did not extend the scope of UK zero rating which would not be permitted by the EU.

The UT also indicated that the zero rating would be subject to some restrictions in respect of what may be treated as e-publications.

It was observed that it is important that the legislation should be interpreted in a way that maintained its relevance and that the “always speaking” * principle is preserved.

Commentary 

The EC European Council (EC) has previously agreed to allow Member States to apply reduced VAT rates to electronic publications. This UT case appears to confirm that this will extend to UK zero rating. Other Members States have already applied reduced rates or are in the process of doing so. The UK have not previously announced its approach, so this decision is likely to force their hand (notwithstanding the fallout from Brexit…).

Action

Supplies or e-publications should review their sales and decide whether their supplies are on fours with this case. If so, it may be possible to make a retrospective claim for overpaid output tax, subject to certain conditions.

Recipients of such supplies should consider approaching their suppliers and obtain a repayment of overpaid VAT if it represents a cost to them.

  • “Always speaking” is an influential principle that is recited in materials on legislative drafting as the justification for using the present tense, adopted in many common law jurisdictions as a principle of interpretation, and accepted as a foundation for the linguistic analysis of the use of tense in statutes. It is particularly relevant where technology has outpaced the law.

VAT: e-publications – New reduced rates

By   8 January 2020
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Background

Further to my article on the ongoing issue of e-books, in October 2018, the European Council (EC) agreed to allow Member States to apply reduced VAT rates to electronic publications (eg; e-books and e-newspapers) thereby allowing alignment of VAT rates for electronic and physical publications. The reasoning was for the EC to modernise VAT for the digital economy, and to keep pace with technological progress.

Under Directive 2006/112/EC, electronically supplied services are taxed at the standard VAT rate, whereas physical publications of the dead tree variety; books, newspapers and periodicals, benefit from non-standard rates in many Member States – these goods being zero rated in the UK and around 5% or below in other countries.

Amendments to the Directive allowed Member States to apply reduced VAT rates to electronic publications as well. Super-reduced and zero rates will only be allowed for Member States that currently apply them to physical publications.

The new rules will apply temporarily, pending the introduction of a new, ‘definitive’ VAT system. The EC has issued proposals for the new system, which would allow member states more flexibility than at present in setting VAT rates.

New rates

Some Member States have now introduced reduced rates:

Austria 10%, from 1 January 2020

Belgium 6%, from 1 April 2019

Croatia 5%, from 1 January 2019

Czech Republic new 10% rate from 1 May 2020

Finland: 10% from 1 July 2019

Germany 7%, from 1 January 2020

Ireland 9%, from 1 January 2019

Luxembourg 3%, from 1 May 2019

Malta 5%, from 1 January 2019

The Netherlands 9%, from 1 January 2020

Poland 5%, from 1 November 2019

Portugal 6%, from 1 January 2019

Slovenia 5% from 1 January 2020

Sweden: 6%, from 1 July 2019

It is anticipated that the remaining Member States are likely to introduce reduced rates in the future. The UK, being subject to Brexit, is in a more complicated position. If the UK brought e-publications in line with the VAT treatment of physical publications, it would apply the zero rate. However, the current EU legislation prevents any introduction of new zero rating. As matters stand, the UK may only apply the zero rate after an exit from the EU.

Watch this space…