Pelargonium seeds are zero-rated, but azalea seeds are standard rated.
Category Archives: VAT- Output Tax
VAT: Collagen beauty drinks. The Minerva Research Labs Limited case
Latest from the courts
In the Minerva Research Labs Limited v HMRC [2026] UKFTT 1320 (TC) First-Tier Tribunal (FTT) case the issue was whether collagen beauty drinks are standard-rated, or zero-rated as food of a kind used for human consumption. In order to determine the correct VAT treatment, the Tribunal was required to apply a judicial ‘multifactorial test’. This meant assessing the product’s ingredients, appearance, marketing, and function to decide how an ordinary person would view the product.
Background
The appellant produces a range of collagen-based liquid supplements which are targeted at the health of skin, hair, and joints and muscles. The products are packaged in cartons containing small, single-use, mono-dose bottles.
Minerva initially accounted for output tax on the sale of the product. However, it subsequently submitted an error-correction claim which sought a refund of circa £3.64 million on the basis that the drinks should be zero-rated food. HMRC rejected the claim, prompting Minerva’s appeal.
NB: For VAT purposes, ‘food’ includes drink.
Decision
The FTT acknowledged that the products provide nutritional value; supplying a notable percentage of daily protein requirements alongside energy, vitamins, and minerals, but that nutritional density does not automatically equal food. It determined that:
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the products were held out for sale as liquid beauty products
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they were purchased for cosmetic and anti-ageing reasons
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they were not marketed to be eaten instead of a meal, or as a snack
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the words ‘dose’ and ‘treatment’ appeared marketing and packaging
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the products were labelled with precautions or warnings (that food would not)
Consequently, the products were not food and standard rating applied.
The appeal was therefore dismissed.
Legislation
VAT Act 1994, Schedule 8, Group 1, item 1. Food of a kind used for human consumption.
Commentary
Another case on what is food. New products seem appear on a daily basis and the products themselves and marketing of the develop at a rapid pace as a result of changes to consumer tastes and health trends. Trying to fit modern foods into 1970s definitions (when VAT was introduced) will always cause absurd, contradictory results.
This case follows on from well-know cases such as: Jaffa Cakes, Mega Marshmallows, Walkers Sensations Poppadoms, Duelfuel Nutrition, and Greggs, sausage rolls as well as flapjacks, brownies and cereal bars. If there is any doubt about whether a ‘food’ product is covered by the zero-rating, we advise that expert advice is sought (we are happy to provide it!)
VAT: New guidance for fund management services
HMRC has published new guidance GfC20 on the sometimes complex subject of outsourced fund management services.
These Guidelines for Compliance (GfC) set out HMRC’s recommended approach and are designed to help businesses determine the correct VAT treatment of outsourced fund management services, including whether services should be treated as single or multiple supplies.
More on exemption for fund management services here
More on pension management here.
VAT: What is a taxable supply? – Definition
VAT Basics
Taxable supply
It is sometimes useful when considering a transaction to “go back to basics” for VAT purposes. There are certain tests to determine whether a supply is taxable, and these are set out below. Broadly, the tests establish whether UK VAT is payable on a sale and they determine whether an entity is “in business”, that is; carrying on an economic activity.
A transaction is within the scope of UK VAT if all four of the following conditions are satisfied:
- It is a supply of goods or services.
There is a distinction between the two types of supply as different VAT treatments may apply. Generally, everything that is not tangible goods is services. However, if no goods or services are actually provided, there is no supply. Indeed, if there is no consideration for a supply, in most cases it is not a taxable supply.
- It takes place in the UK.
There are quite complex tests to consider when analysing the “place of supply”, especially where services are concerned. If the place of supply is outside the UK then usually no UK VAT is due, however, the supply may be subject to VAT in another country.
- It is made by a taxable person.
A taxable person is any legal entity which is, or should be, registered for VAT in the UK.
- It is made in the course or furtherance of any business carried on by that person
Business
The term “business” is only used in UK legislation, The Principal VAT Directive refers to “economic activity” rather than “business” and since UK domestic legislation must (well historically) conform to the Directive both terms must be seen as having the same meaning. Since the very first days of VAT there have been disagreements over what constitutes a “business”. I have only recently ended a dispute over this definition for a (as it turns out) very happy client. The tests were set out as long ago as 1981 and may be summarised as follows:
- Is the activity a serious undertaking earnestly pursued?
- Is the activity an occupation or function, which is actively pursued with reasonable or recognisable continuity?
- Does the activity have a certain measure of substance in terms of the quarterly or annual value of taxable supplies made (bearing in mind that exempt supplies can also be business)?
- Is the activity conducted in a regular manner and on sound and recognised business principles?
- Is the activity predominantly concerned with the making of taxable supplies for a consideration?
- Are the taxable supplies that are being made of a kind which, subject to differences of detail, are commonly made by those who seek to profit from them?
So, if these tests are passed a taxable supply exists. The next step is to establish which VAT rate applies. In an often quoted comment from the judge in the Morrison’s Academy Boarding Houses Association 1978 STC1 Court Of Session case “…In my opinion it will never be possible or desirable to define exhaustively ‘business’ ”. Which what it lacks in helpfulness, makes up for in candour.
There was something of a deviation from the Lord Fisher tests in the Longbridge Court of Appeal case, however, that appears to be a blip and HMRC seem to have reverted to Lord Fisher in subsequent hearings on the same topic. A bit of a: watch this space area of VAT.
Recent cases on business
Recent case law on this issue here and here and HMRC Internal guidance on the Lord Fisher tests here
Commentary
Tip: It is often easier to consider what isn’t a taxable supply to establish the correct VAT treatment. Specific examples of situations which are not taxable supplies are; donations, certain free supplies of services, certain grants or funding, some compensation and some transactions which are specifically excluded from the tax by legislation, eg; transfers of going concerns (TOGC).
I think that it is often the case that the basic building blocks of the tax are overlooked, especially in complex situations and I find it helps to “go back to the first page” sometimes.
VAT: EV charging points in new dwellings are zero-rated
HMRC has updated Notice 708 (para 13.8.1) on 26 August 2026 to include electric vehicle charging points in the list of accepted building materials ordinarily incorporated into a building or its site. These installations qualify for zero or reduced VAT rating when supplied alongside eligible construction or conversion services of the construction or conversion of new dwellings.
It should be noted that this zero/reduced rating only applies to EV charging points as part of residential construction and that standalone equipment sales and public EV charging services have different VAT rules.
A VAT Did you know?
Orange juice is zero rated. Lemon juice is zero rated. Mix them, and the product is standard rated.
VAT – Residential Property Triggerpoints
What to look out for
VAT and property transactions are uneasy bedfellows at the best of times. Getting the tax wrong, or failing to consider it at all can result in a loss of income of 20% on a project, or forgoing all input tax incurred on a development. Even a simple matter of timing can affect a transaction to a seller’s detriment. Here I take a brief look at issues that can impact residential property transactions. It is important to recognise when VAT may affect a project so I hope that some of these triggerpoints may prove useful.
General points
The following are very general points on residential properties. No two cases are the same, so we strongly recommend that specific advice is obtained.
Refurbishing “old” residential properties
Broadly speaking, the VAT incurred on such work is not reclaimable as the end use of the property will be exempt (either sale or rent). There is no way round this as it is not possible to opt to tax residential dwellings. It may be possible to use the partial exemption de minimis limits if there are any other business activities in the same VAT registration. If this is the only activity of a business, it will not even be permitted to register for VAT. There are special rules if the number of dwellings change as a result of the work (see below).
New residential builds
The first sale (or the grant of a long lease 21 years plus) of a newly constructed dwelling by “the person constructing” is zero rated. This means that any VAT incurred on the construction is recoverable. Care should be taken if the new dwelling is let on a short term basis rather than/before being sold as this will materially affect input tax recovery. Advice should always be taken before such a decision is made as there is planning available to avoid such an outcome. VAT incurred on professional and legal costs of the development may also be recovered such as; architects, solicitors, advisers, agents etc. VAT registration is necessary in these cases and our advice is to VAT register at the earliest stage possible.
The construction of new dwellings is zero rated, along with any building materials supplied by the contractor carrying out the work. The zero rating also extends to sub-contractors. It is not necessary for a certificate to be provided in order to zero rate such building works.
Conversions
There are special rules for refurbishments which create a different number of dwellings (eg; dividing up a single house into flats, or changing the total number of flats in a block, or making one dwelling by amalgamating flats). Generally, it is possible for contractors to invoice for their building work at the reduced rate of 5%. This rate may also apply to conversions. A conversion is defined as work undertaken on a non-residential property, such as a barn, office or church, into one or more self-contained dwellings. Once converted the sale of the residential property will be zero rated and all of the input tax incurred on associated costs is recoverable (similar to a new build).
Renovation of empty residential premises
Reduced rating at 5% is also available for the renovation or alteration of empty residential premises. Such a premises is one that has not been lived in during the two years immediately before the work starts. HMRC will insist on documentary evidence that the property has been empty for that time.
Purchase of a commercial property intended for conversion
If it is intended to convert a commercial property into residential use and the vendor indicates that (s)he will charge VAT (as a result of the option to tax having been exercised) it is possible for the purchaser to disapply the option to tax by the issue of a certain document; form VAT 1614D. This means that the sale will become exempt. Advice should always be sought on this issue by parties on each side of the transaction as it very often creates difficulties and significant VAT and other costs (mainly for the vendor).
Mixed developments
If what is being constructed is a building that is only in part a zero-rated dwelling, a contractor can only zero-rate its work for the qualifying parts. For example, if a building containing a shop with a flat above is constructed, only the construction of the flat can be zero-rated. An apportionment must be made for common areas such as foundations and roof etc. The sale of the residential element when complete is zero rated and the sale of the commercial part will be standard rated if under three years since completion. If the commercial part is over three years old at the date of sale, or is rented rather than sold, the supply will be exempt with the option to tax available – details here. If an exempt supply is made, the recovery of input tax incurred on the development will be compromised and it is important that this recognised and planning put in place to avoid this outcome.
DIY building projects
There is a specific scheme for DIY Housebuilders to recover input tax incurred on the construction of a dwelling for the constructor to live in personally. Details here https://www.marcusward.co/?s=diy
Sale of an incomplete residential development
There are two possible routes to relief if a project is sold before dwellings have been completed (either new build or conversion). This can often be a complex area, however, there is some zero rating relief which may apply, and also it may be possible to apply TOGC (Transfer Of a Going Concern) treatment to the sale. In both cases, it is likely that input tax previously claimed by the developer should not be jeopardised.
Overview
There are VAT complications for the following types of transactions/developments and issues:
- definition of a dwelling
- arrangements where consortiums or syndicates are used/profit share
- transactions in connection with nursing or children’s homes or similar
- “granny flats” in the garden of existing houses
- work on charitable buildings/ for charities
- converting specific commercial property into residential property – particularly ex-pubs
- sales to Housing Associations
- sales of “substantially reconstructed protected buildings”
- buying VATable buildings
- date of completion – zero rating cut off
- supplies by members of VAT groups
- definition of building materials
- input tax on white goods and similar
- alterations for people with disabilities
- garages with dwellings
- land supplied with a property
- buying property with existing, continuing leases
- beneficial owner versus legal owner issues
- change of intention (buying land/property with the intention of using it for one purpose, but the intention changes after purchase)
- where professional/architect’s fees are incurred
- planning gains
- own use of a property
- mobile homes
- reverse premiums/surrenders/reverse surrenders re; leases
- holiday lets and
- hotels
- business use by purchaser/tenant
- contract stage of a property purchase where VAT is potentially chargeable by vendor
- timing of supplies
- work re; schools, churches, village halls, hospitals, or any other “unusual” structures
This list is not exhaustive, but I hope it gives a broad idea of where VAT needs to be considered “before the event”. As always, we are available to assist.
A VAT Did you know?
Scottish snowballs VAT free, but if you buy Swedish snowballs, they are standard rated.
A VAT Did you know?
If you buy a hamster or gerbil in a pet shop, you will pay tax on it but if you buy a rabbit, it will be VAT free.
Updated VAT Notice 742A – Opting to tax land and buildings
HMRC has updated Notice 742A which explains the effect of an option to tax and will help a business decide whether to exercise that option. It also sets out whether an optor needs permission from HMRC before an option can be made and how to notify HMRC of a decision.
The update clarifies an important point: where opted land or building remain an asset on hand at the point of VAT registration cancellation, output tax must be accounted for on the value of that asset. The update also removes the information about a temporary change to the time limit for notifying an option as this has ended.