A new Tribunal case ruled that marshmallows of an unusual size are zero rated, while normal sized marshmallows continue to be standard rated.
Category Archives: Latest VAT news
VAT: MTD reminder
HMRC have announced that the existing Making Tax Digital (MTD) online portal closes on 31 October 2022.
What businesses need to do now (or they could face a penalty)
If businesses haven not signed up to MTD and started using compatible software already, they must follow these steps now:
Step 1
Choose suitable MTD-compatible software they can find a list of software on GOV.UK.
Step 2
Check the permissions in their software – once they have allowed it to work with MTD, they can file their VAT returns easily. Go to GOV.UK and search ‘manage permissions for tax software’ for information on how businesses should do this.
Step 3
Keep digital records for their current and future VAT returns – a business can find out what records they need to keep on GOV.UK.
Step 4
Sign up for MTD and file their future VAT returns using MTD-compatible software – to find out how to do this, go to GOV.UK and search ‘record VAT’.
Businesses who file quarterly or monthly VAT returns must complete these steps in order to file their returns due after 1 November.
Exemption from MTD for VAT
There are exemptions from MTD and they my be applied for here.
VAT: Fuel and Power Notice updated
HMRC Guidance: Fuel and power (VAT Notice 701/19)
This Notice has recently been updated. It now covers the VAT Reverse Charge measures for wholesale gas and electricity and construction services (Section 2) . There is more information about wholesale gas and electricity and using the VAT domestic Reverse Charge at section 3 of Notice 735: Domestic reverse charge procedure (VAT Notice 735).
Sections 4.1 and 4.3 now include more detail about hydrogen gas.
Brief overview
The reduced rate of VAT of 5% applies to supplies of fuel and power for qualifying use.
Qualifying use means:
- fuel and power for domestic use
- fuel and power for charity non-business use
- fuel and power where the amount supplied does not exceed the small quantities, called the de minimis limits
- fuel and power partly for qualifying use and partly for other purposes, where 60% or more of the supply is for qualifying use
Other supplies of fuel and power in the UK are standard rated.
VAT – Work on farm buildings
I am quite often asked if there are any VAT reliefs for farming businesses carrying out work to farm buildings.
Indeed, there are some areas of the VAT rules which may be of assistance to owners of farms and farm buildings. Clearly, the best position is to avoid VAT being charged in the first place. If this is not possible, then we need to consider if the VAT may be recovered.
Repairs and Renovations of Farmhouses
The following guidelines apply to businesses VAT registered as sole proprietors or partnerships. Where the occupant of the farmhouse is a director of a limited company (or a person connected with the director of the company) it is unlikely that any VAT incurred on the farmhouse may be recovered. The following notes are provided by HMRC after consultations with the NFU:
- Where VAT is incurred on repairs, maintenance and renovations, 70% of that VAT may be recovered as input tax provided the farm is a normal working farm and the VAT-registered person is actively engaged full-time in running it. Where farming is not a full-time business for the VAT-registered person, input tax claimable is likely to be between 10%–30% on the grounds that the dominant purpose is a personal one.
- Where the building work is more associated with an alteration (eg; building an extension) the amount that may be recovered will depend on the purpose for the construction. If the dominant purpose is a business one then 70% may be claimed. If the dominant purpose is a personal one HMRC would expect the claim to be 40% or less, and in some cases, depending on the facts, none of the VAT incurred would be recoverable.
Other farm buildings
As a general rule, when VAT is incurred on non-residential buildings, then, as long as they are used for business purposes, it would be expected that 100% of the VAT is recoverable. Care should be taken if any buildings are let and it may be that planning is necessary in order to achieve full recovery.
It should be noted that if any work to a building which is not residential results in the building becoming residential, eg; a barn conversion, then the applicable VAT rate should be 5%. If the resulting dwelling is sold then generally the 5% VAT is recoverable. If the dwelling is to be lived in by the person converting it; the VAT incurred may be recovered, but the mechanism is outside the usual VAT return and a separate claim can be made. In these circumstances it is not necessary for the “converter” to be VAT registered.
As may be seen, in many cases it will be necessary to negotiate a percentage of recovery with HMRC. We can assist with this, as well as advising on VAT structures and planning to ensure as much input tax as possible is either not chargeable to you, or is recoverable.
VAT: Updates on appeals to courts
Latest from the courts
HMRC has published an update on taxpayers’ appeals. This is a round up of the status of recent cases.
It is helpful for businesses which operate in similar areas, or have tax issues with HMRC and for a general overview on how the courts are approaching certain matters.
The cases which HMRC lose often provide opportunities for retrospective claims for other businesses.
Recovering VAT on Staff Expenses
VAT on Staff Expenses – what is claimable?
Although the VAT rules normally prevent a business reclaiming input tax on supplies that are not made directly to it, there are certain circumstances when the rules are relaxed. Although rather a dry and basic area, experience insists that it creates many issues at inspections and is “low hanging fruit” for which HMRC may levy penalties. Some business decide not to recover VAT on such costs to avoid problems, but certain claims are permissible and may be worth significant sums if they have a number of employees.
Subsistence Expenses
For instance, the VAT element of subsistence expenses paid to your employees may be treated as input tax. In order to qualify for this concession, employees must be reimbursed for their actual expenditure and not merely receive round sum allowances. These costs include hotels and meals.
VAT invoices (which may be made out to the employee) must also be obtained. The rule of thumb is that the employee must be more than five miles away from their place of employment and spend over five hours there (the so-called 5 mile/5 hour rule). A business cannot reclaim input tax if it pays an employees a flat rate for expenses.
Reimbursement for Road Fuel
The VAT legislation permits a business to treat as its own supply road fuel which is purchased by a non-taxable person whom it then pay for the actual cost of the fuel (usually through an expenses claim). This would therefore allow a business to recover input tax when it reimburses its employees for the cost of road fuel used in carrying out their employment duties.
A business is able to reclaim all the input tax on fuel if a vehicle is used only for business. There are three ways of claiming VAT if a business uses a vehicle for both business and private purposes.
- reclaim all the VAT and pay the fuel scale charge – HMRC details here
- only reclaim the VAT on fuel you use for business trips – this requires the retention of detailed mileage records
- choose not to reclaim any VAT eg; if your business mileage is so low that the fuel scale charge would be higher than the VAT you can reclaim
If a business chooses not to reclaim VAT on fuel for one vehicle it cannot reclaim VAT on any fuel for vehicles used in the business.
Mileage Allowances
The legislation also enables you to reclaim the VAT element (or a reasonable approximation) of mileage allowances paid to employees.
Business entertainment
For details of this complex area please see here
Goods
Certain goods which are to be used in a business, eg; office supplies, the business may reclaim the input tax on purchases made by employees or directors. In all cases you’ll need a VAT invoice. Details required on a VAT invoice here
Mobile telephones
An element of mobile phone costs may be recovered. The VAT on the business use of the phone may be recovered, eg; if half of the mobile phone calls are private 50% of the VAT on the purchase price and the service plan can be recovered.
Work from home
If a person works from home an element of the costs may be recovered. As an example: if an office takes up 20% of the floor space in a house. A business may reclaim 20% of the VAT on utility bills.
Apportionment
A business must keep all records to support a claim and show how it arrived at the business proportion of a purchase of goods or services and it must also have valid VAT invoices.
VAT: Input tax attribution to business and non-business activities
HMRC has issued new guidance on the amount of input tax claimable when an element is attributable to non-business (NB) activities.
If an entity is involved in both business and NB activities, eg; a charity which provides free advice and also has a shop which sells donated goods, it is unable to recover all of the VAT it incurs. VAT attributable to NB activities is not input tax and cannot be reclaimed. Therefore it is necessary to calculate the quantum of VAT attributable to business and NB activities. That VAT which cannot be attributed is called overhead VAT and must be apportioned between business and NB activities. There are many varied ways of doing this as the VAT legislation does not specify any particular method. Therefore it is important to consider all of the available alternatives. Examples of these are; income, expenditure, time, floorspace, transaction count etc (similar to those methods available for partial exemption calculations).
The new guidance is mainly as a result of the Sveda ECJ case.
The definition of business and NB here.
Legislation: The VAT Act 1994 Section 24(5).
Further reading
The following articles consider case law and other relevant business/NB issues:
Lajvér Meliorációs Nonprofit Kft. and Lajvér Csapadékvízrendezési Nonprofit Kft
VAT: Which entity receives a supply? The Star Services case
Latest from the courts
In the Star Services Oxford Limited (Star) First Tier Tribunal (FTT) case the issue was the identity of the entity receiving the supply, whether it held a valid tax invoice, and whether input tax could be claimed.
Background
The appellant claimed input tax incurred on rental payments to Oxford City Council. This was disallowed by HMRC on the grounds that the rental agreement was with Mr Latifi (a sole proprietor in a property rental business) and not the company which was VAT registered.
After the rental agreement was signed the business was incorporated and carried on a bed and breakfast activities from the premises, along with two separate sub-lets to third parties. One party paid rent to Star and one directly to Mr Latifi.
Contentions
HMRC argued that:
- Mr Latifi and the Appellant are separate legal entities, both of whom are required to register for VAT separately if carrying on taxable business activities
- the assessment was correct as the company was not entitled to an input tax credit as it was not the person who had incurred the liability
- the Appellant did not hold a valid VAT invoice, which entitles it to deduct the input tax
Star contended:
- there was a technical error in the lease agreement
- the assessment was excessive
- subsequent to the assessment, the lease was registered to the Appellant
- the lease was acquired in Mr Latifi’s name because the Appellant did not exist at the time that the lease agreement was entered into. At the relevant time there was an innocent omission to transfer the lease from Mr Latifi’s name to the Appellant’s name, and the delay was caused by forgetfulness
- a company may, under The VAT Act 1994 s. 24(6)(c) and if permitted by Regulations, claim input tax on the pre-incorporation supplies received for its business
- the Appellant has accounted for the VAT (therefore there was no loss of tax)
- the fact that Mr Latifi is beneficial owner of both “the company” (by virtue of controlling shares and directorship) and “the property” must have an impact on the decision to assess
Decision
The appeal was dismissed.
The Appellant was not entitled to claim input tax on the invoices and HMRC were correct to disallow input tax. It did not receive the supply and it did not hold a VAT invoice.
It was decided that the legal relationship was between Oxford City Council and Mr Latifi. This is because the lease agreement was between these parties and not the Appellant.
It was found that the rent from one sub-tenant was paid to Mr Latifi directly and is not accounted for by the Appellant and that the reassigned lease has no bearing on the property rental activities undertaken by Mr Latifi prior to the reassignment.
The rules on pre-incorporation supplies* do not apply in this case because Mr Latifi, as sole proprietor, and the Appellant, are separate legal entities, requiring separate VAT registration.
Interestingly, a recent case was relied on: In Tower Bridge GP Ltd the Court of Appeal ruled that absent a valid VAT invoice showing the supplier’s VAT number and the customer’s name, the right to deduct input tax on that invoice could not be exercised.
Summary
An unfortunate oversight was sufficient for HMRC to refuse the input tax claim. This case does have a whiff of unfairness about it, but by applying the letter of the law the outcome is unarguable. The contentions here are similar to those in the Aitmatov Academy case.
Another case of taking care with claims.
* A business may, generally, claim the VAT incurred on services it has purchased for its taxable business purposes during the six months prior to VAT registration .
The VAT Act 1994, s 24(6) (c) and The Value Added Tax Regulations 1995, Reg 111.
VAT: New online service for error correction
HMRC has launched a new online service for the correction of errors made on previous VAT returns. Previously, a business must have emailed a correction to form to: inbox.btcnevaterrorcorrection@hmrc.gov.uk (it is still possible to use this method of reporting). The Form VAT652 – “Tell HMRC about any errors in your VAT Return” is used for any corrections of £10,000 (net of all errors) or more of VAT.
VAT: Education and Health & Welfare – new HMRC guidance
The subject of education often gives rise to complex VAT issues – as the number of Tribunal cases illustrates.
Background
A number of schools provide early or pre-school education (before compulsory education). All children aged four should be able to access an early education place and some early education and childcare services offer free part-time early or pre-school education to three year olds. This is paid for at the discretion of Local Authorities. Places for children under three in voluntary or private pre-school settings are paid for mainly by parents.
Update
In light of, inter alia, the Yarburgh Children’s Trust, Wakefield College , Longbridge and St Paul’s Community Project, HMRC has updated to reflect changes to it’s policy in respect of charities supplying; crèche, pre-school education, nursery, after-school clubs and playgroup facilities.
Business test
HMRC’s past position was that if a charity supplied nursery and crèche facilities for a consideration that was fixed at a level designed to only cover its costs, this was not a business activity for VAT purposes. Now the two-part test derived from the Wakefield College Court of Appeal case will be applied:
- Test One
The activity results in a supply of goods or services for consideration. This requires a legal relationship between the supplier and the recipient. The initial question is whether the supply is made for a consideration. An activity that does not involve the making of supplies for consideration is not a business activity.
- Test Two
The supply is made for the purpose of obtaining income therefrom (remuneration)
General
The provision of pre-school education (without charge) is non-business; breakfast clubs and after-school child-minding/homework clubs remain non-business in the Local Authority sector even when a charge is made. This is on condition that the school offers the service strictly to its own pupils and that the fee charged is designed to no more than cover overhead costs.
Law
VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, Group 6 – Education
VAT Act 1994, Schedule 9, Group 7, Item 9 – Health and Welfare